Table 1. Characters that can help to visually distinguish mature soft scales found on grapevines in Australia.
Scale species
Mature females
Eggs and/or crawlers
Grapevine scale
Oval shape, about 7mm long,
dark brown scale.
Yellow eggs laid in mass beneath the body of the adult scale, crawlers yellow.
Frosted scale
Oval shape, 6-8mm long, strongly convex. Scale dark brown, sculptured and covered with white powdery wax
White eggs, laid in mass beneath the scale body. Crawlers white.
Soft brown scale
Oval shape, 3-4 mm long, yellow-brown mottled with brown spots.
Crawlers are light brown, born alive.
Black scale
Oval shape, 3-5 mm long, convex, scale black to dark brown. Ridges on top surface of scale forming a ?H? shape, most obvious in early stage adults.
Pink eggs, laid in mass beneath the scale body. Crawlers light brown.
Nigra scale
Elongate oval in shape, 3-4 mm long. Smooth, shiny dark brown to black scale.
Eggs laid in mass beneath the scale, crawlers light brown.
Long soft scale
Elongate oval shape, 4-6 mm long, yellow to grayish brown, with visible eye spots.
Crawlers born alive.
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